What are the emphasized and non-emphasized Sunnah prayers and their times, and the prayers for specific occasions, along with the relevant hadiths concerning them?

Sunnah prayers in Islam are divided into emphasized (Mu'akkadah) and non-emphasized (Ghair Mu'akkadah), in addition to prayers associated with specific reasons (Dhawāt al-Asbāb).

Emphasized Sunnah prayers include: 1. Two rak'ahs before Fajr prayer. 2. Four rak'ahs before Dhuhr prayer. 3. Two rak'ahs after Dhuhr prayer. 4. Two rak'ahs after Maghrib prayer. 5. Two rak'ahs after Isha prayer. In addition to these, Tarawih prayer, Lunar Eclipse prayer, and Prayer for Rain (Istisqa) are also emphasized.

Non-emphasized Sunnah prayers include: 1. Two additional rak'ahs after Dhuhr. 2. Four rak'ahs before Asr. 3. Two light rak'ahs before Maghrib. 4. Duha prayer (from two to eight rak'ahs). 5. Two rak'ahs before Isha, after its adhan.

Prayers associated with specific reasons (Dhawāt al-Asbāb) include: 1. Tahiyyat al-Masjid (greeting the mosque). 2. Two rak'ahs after ablution (Wudu'). 3. Two rak'ahs after circumambulating the Kaaba (Tawaf). 4. Istikhara prayer (prayer for guidance). 5. Two rak'ahs for donning the Ihram (for Hajj/Umrah). 6. Two rak'ahs at the time of killing (if possible). 7. Two rak'ahs for repentance (Tawbah).