Is it permissible for a newly married husband to miss the Friday prayer, especially if he spent the night with his wife and slept late, or satisfied his desire and slept early? And what is the duration a husband should stay with his wife after marriage?

It is not permissible for a Muslim to miss the Friday prayer without a legitimate Shar'i excuse. A husband's intimacy with his wife is not an excuse. He must attend the Friday prayer, whether he slept early or late, and he must take measures that enable him to wake up.