How does a woman who gives birth in Ramadan make up the days she missed, and what should she do if she cannot make them up by fasting due to breastfeeding?

A woman in postnatal bleeding (nifas) breaks her fast in Ramadan due to the presence of postnatal blood. She usually continues to break her fast because she is breastfeeding her child. Her breaking of the fast is either out of fear for herself, or for her child, or for both.

If she breaks her fast out of fear for herself only, or for both of them, then she is only required to make up the missed days (qada').

If she breaks her fast out of fear for her child, then she is required to make up the missed days (qada') and pay expiation (kaffarah) (feeding one poor person for each day), according to the most preponderant opinion. This is based on the Almighty's saying: "And upon those who can afford it [but with difficulty] - a ransom [as substitute] of feeding a poor person," and on the action of Ibn Abbas, may Allah be pleased with both of them.