What are the correct dates for the birth and death of the Messenger, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, and what is the evidence for that from the Book and the Sunnah?

Biographers and historians have differed on specifying the day and month of the Prophet’s birth, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, due to his unrecognized stature at the time, as his situation was like that of other newborns.

Points of Agreement Regarding the Prophet’s Birth, may Allah bless him and grant him peace:

Year: The Year of the Elephant, which is well-known and undisputed by any scholar. Day: Monday; on it he was born, received prophethood, and passed away.

Point of Disagreement Regarding the Prophet’s Birth, may Allah bless him and grant him peace:

The disagreement was in specifying the month and the day within it, and many opinions have been reported, including:

The two nights remaining in Rabi’ al-Awwal. The eighth of Rabi’ al-Awwal (preferred by some scholars). The tenth of Rabi’ al-Awwal. The twelfth of Rabi’ al-Awwal (the most famous opinion among the majority). And it was said to be in Ramadan, and it was said to be in Safar.

The strongest opinion is that his birth was between the eighth and twelfth of Rabi’ al-Awwal, and some astronomers and mathematicians have confirmed that it corresponded to the ninth of Rabi’ al-Awwal, which was April 20, 571 CE.

The Prophet’s Death, may Allah bless him and grant him peace:

Day: Monday, without dispute. Year: The eleventh year of the Hijra, without dispute. Month: Rabi’ al-Awwal, without dispute. Specifying the day of the month: There is disagreement. The majority holds it to be the twelfth of Rabi’ al-Awwal, while others opted for the first or second of Rabi’ al-Awwal. The most predominant and famous opinion is the twelfth of Rabi’ al-Awwal in the eleventh year of the Hijra.