What is the ruling on lending educational material that has been purchased to others or publishing it online without the author's permission, and is it permissible to benefit from educational material published for free online even though it is sold through physical outlets?

Copyrights, inventions, and innovations are Islamically protected, and it is not permissible to infringe upon them. Their owners have the right to dispose of them. It is forbidden to use scientific materials available on forums for profit without the permission of their owners. As for personal use, there is a difference of opinion, with the preponderant view being prohibition. Placing purchased materials on forums and social media is considered an infringement upon the rights of their owners due to the harm it causes, unlike personal lending to acquaintances and friends, which is permissible.