Is the father's money permissible if he works as a professor and is paid by a state that does not rule by Allah's law, knowing that he teaches architectural engineering?

There is no harm in benefiting from your father's wage if his work was permissible, such as teaching architectural engineering. It does not matter that the payer of the wage does not rule by Allah's law or is not Muslim. Evidence for this is the Prophet's (peace be upon him) dealings with the Jews and his acceptance of gifts from disbelievers.