What is the ruling on purchasing a car in installments from an interest-based bank with interest, while the ownership of the car remains with the bank until the full amount is paid, or its ownership remains with the dealership until payment?

It is not permissible to deal with usurious banks when Shariah-compliant alternatives are available. However, if no such alternatives exist and the person engaging in the transaction is in need of it, and the transaction adheres to Shariah controls—such as the bank genuinely owning the car before selling it to the client, and not stipulating an increase in case of late payment—then there is no harm in it. The bank’s requirement to register the car in its name in official documents as collateral until the price is paid in full does not matter. What is important is that the bank owns the car before selling it and that ownership transfers to the client.