Is helping a neighbor financially considered an ongoing charity (sadaqah jariyah), knowing that the husband does not provide for the questioner and her daughter, and she has a debt that must be repaid?

Your charity to the woman is good and rewarded, but it is not a perpetual charity (sadaqah jariyah). Perpetual charity is an endowment (waqf). Prioritize paying off debts and essential expenses before giving charity; therefore, do not give charity except from what exceeds these needs. Your husband is obligated to spend on you and your daughter if he is able.