What is the ruling regarding the Fajr prayer for a Muslim who misses it in the following situations: due to staying up late and being overcome by sleep, or not setting an alarm or arranging to be woken up, or setting the alarm for work time after sunrise, or hearing the Adhan but not responding to it until after sunrise?

Whoever misses a prayer must make it up, and their prayer is considered valid, absolving them of their duty. As for whoever intentionally delays it beyond its time, they are disobedient to Allah and His Messenger, and they must repent; their prayer is likely not to be accepted. However, whoever is overcome by sleep after resolving to wake up bears no sin. But whoever neglects to take the necessary measures to wake up may fall into sin.