Does a divorce occur if the wife leaves the house without her husband's permission to contact him after losing her phone, given the husband's intention to finalize the divorce if a means of communication becomes available for her to seek permission?

The intention is what is considered in breaking an oath, and it specializes the general and restricts the absolute. So, if you intended to prevent your wife from going out without your permission, provided she could communicate with you to seek your permission, and she went out without your permission because she could not contact you, then you have not broken your oath, and no divorce has occurred. Swearing an oath of divorce for the purpose of threat is an unsound approach.