Is it permissible to supplicate against someone who caused one to be deprived of a certain job opportunity, by praying for her to be deprived of something else in her life?

If it is confirmed that your colleague obtained the job through unlawful means, she has committed a great sin. However, it does not necessarily mean she has wronged you personally unless the job was specifically designated for you and she deprived you of it. Therefore, it is not permissible to supplicate specifically against her. If you must supplicate, then let it be a general supplication against anyone who has wronged you. It is permissible for the oppressed to supplicate against their oppressor for Allah to take revenge on them, but one should not specify the manner of revenge to avoid transgression in supplication. Patience and forgiveness towards the oppressor are better, and this is among the most resolute of matters, and Allah may forgive you on the Day of Judgment. It must be taken into consideration that what you were deprived of in this world may not have been good for you, and faith in divine decree and destiny necessitates not grieving over the loss of worldly matters.