Is it obligatory for one who fasted and broke his fast based on astronomical calculations that led to fasting for 28 days to make up for it? Are they considered sinful? Is the fasting and breaking of fast of those residing with other countries valid? Is it permissible to fast and break fast with a country other than the country of residence?

Determining the beginning and end of the month based on astronomical calculations is contrary to scholarly consensus (Ijma'). The people of knowledge have stipulated that it is not permissible to act upon the information provided by an astronomer regarding the sighting of the crescent moon. The abundant prophetic texts emphasize this, and Muslims have unanimously agreed upon it. The Sharia determines the beginning of the month by sighting the crescent moon or by completing Sha'ban with thirty days if the crescent moon is not sighted. Therefore, if the state relies on astronomical calculations, do not follow it. People should seek to sight the crescent moon themselves; if they see it, they fast, and if not, they complete Sha'ban with thirty days. If they are unable to do so, they fast and break their fast with the closest Islamic land to them that seeks to sight the crescent moon. If their fasting this year was twenty-eight days, they must make up the missed days (one or two days, depending on the completion of the month). As for someone who fasted and broke their fast based on astronomical calculations while ignorant of the ruling, we hope there is no sin upon them. However, one who is aware of the ruling is sinful and must repent. It is incumbent upon the people of knowledge to clarify the truth and not conceal it.