What is the ruling on closing one's eyes during prayer?

Scholars have agreed upon the disliking (makruh) of closing the eyes in prayer without need, because it is an act of the Jews, a cause for sleepiness, and contrary to the Sunnah of directing the eyes towards the place of prostration. However, it is permissible to close the eyes out of necessity, such as if the worshipper fears something undesirable, or if it makes them more submissive in their prayer. In this latter case, closing the eyes is preferable, and may even be recommended (mustahabb).