Is it permissible to take money paid by the government for working hours when one is late for them, or when a teacher is absent from a class, or when he finishes a lesson before the scheduled time, and what should be done with the money taken? And is it permissible to eat with a sheikh who brings more food than he needs from what is allocated to him by the donor?

If the work is for a wage, then the wage is due as soon as the beneficiary is enabled to utilize the service. If you attended and worked during the agreed-upon time, you are entitled to the wage even if the teacher was absent. As for tardiness, you must return its equivalent from the wage, and merely placing it in the mosque or giving it as charity is not sufficient, unless they forgive you or the teacher is authorized not to count it. And eating what is given to the Imam with his permission is permissible, because it is his property and he has the right to dispose of it.