Is a young man's marriage to a divorced woman with a child considered an act of disobedience to his disapproving parents, and what are the rights of the divorced woman in terms of dowry, jewelry, furniture, and deferred dowry upon her remarriage?

The Sharia does not prohibit marriage to a divorced woman. The young man should convince his parents to accept the one he hopes to marry. If they agree, then praise be to Allah. If not, he is not permitted to disobey them, for their obedience is an obligation upon him, whereas his marriage is not an obligation, unless there is a justification for disobedience. The divorced woman has her material rights, such as the mahr (dower) and maintenance, among others. There is no difference between her and a woman who has not been previously married concerning rights and obligations.