Is it permissible to take back one's wife after divorcing her for the third time with the words "You are divorced and unlawful to me" in a state of extreme anger, given the presence of a daughter and a desire to reconcile?

Anger does not prevent the occurrence of divorce unless the husband reaches a state where he is unaware of what he is saying or doing, in which case his action is invalidated by analogy with someone under duress or insane. Since this is the third divorce, your wife has become irrevocably separated from you with a major separation (baynunah kubra), and she is not lawful for you until she marries another husband and he consummates the marriage with her. If he then divorces her, it is permissible for you to marry her.