How do we differentiate whether a calamity or problem is a punishment from Allah or a test from Him?

Life is a trial for humanity, in both its good and its evil. The calamities and problems that a person experiences in this world are either a test of their patience and a means of elevating their ranks, or a punishment and a warning for them. The true nature of this trial is known only to Allah. The servant's duty is repentance, patience, and reflection.