Does the noble verse, "As for those who disbelieved, I will punish them with a severe torment in this world and in the Hereafter, and they will have no helpers," refer to the torment of disbelievers in this world after death, meaning the torment of the grave, given what we observe of disbelievers enjoying ease and blessings in this worldly life?

The worldly torment that afflicts disbelievers refers to killing, crucifixion, captivity, and jizya (tribute). This threat may or may not materialize, for Allah may grant respite to the disbelievers and allow them enjoyment for a little while, then compel them to the torment of the Fire in the Hereafter, in fulfillment of His Almighty saying: "And never think that Allah is unaware of what the wrongdoers do. He only delays them for a Day when eyes will stare [in horror]" and "We grant them enjoyment for a little; then We will compel them to a severe punishment."