What is the ruling on making up the Sunnah of Fajr and the obligatory prayer for someone who missed the prayer after sunrise, and should it be prayed as if it were on time, and should the prayer be shortened by reciting short surahs, and should one glorify God afterward as if it were on time?

You should begin with the Sunnah prayer of Fajr, then the obligatory prayer. The ruling on recitation during a make-up prayer is the same as for performing it on time. Voluntary prayers are not legislated after the Fajr prayer until the sun rises and elevates to the height of a spear, due to the Prophet's (peace be upon him) saying: "There is no prayer after the Fajr prayer until the sun rises." If the make-up prayer is performed after the sun has risen and elevated, then voluntary prayers are permissible for you.