What is your opinion on the Ottoman Caliphate and on Abdul Hamid II in his capacity as an Ottoman Caliph and a Sufi of the Naqshbandi order?

The Ottoman sultans, including Sultan Abdul Hamid, were inclined towards Sufism. Sultan Abdul Hamid even attempted to unite the Sufi orders to support the idea of Islamic unity. Many researchers believe that deviant Sufi thought was one of the main reasons for the fall of the Ottoman Caliphate, due to its deviation from the Salafi creed, the spread of manifestations of polytheism, innovations, and superstitions, and the introduction of person-veneration into the world of deviant Sufism. Nevertheless, the Ottoman State preserved the domain of Islam for centuries and fell when it deviated from fully establishing the rulings of Islam.