Does a divorce take effect if a husband swears an oath of divorce, or something similar, as an expression of anger?

Your oath by Allah to refrain from intercourse with your wife again is not a divorce; rather, it is an ila' (vow of abstinence). If you have intercourse with her before four months have passed, then you owe an expiation for breaking an oath, and the ila' is dissolved. The expiation for breaking an oath is: feeding ten poor persons, or clothing them, or freeing a slave; and if you cannot find any of these, then fasting for three days.