What is the meaning of the following Usuli (principles of Islamic jurisprudence) terms: numerical concept (al-mafhum al-adadi), titular concept (al-mafhum al-laqabi), and exclusive concept (al-mafhum al-hasri)? And is the numerical concept not authoritative?

The usuli terms (mafhum al-mukhalafah, mafhum al-adad, mafhum al-laqab, mafhum al-hasr) are defined in usul al-fiqh. Mafhum al-mukhalafah means that a ruling is given to what is unstated, which is contrary to the ruling stated in the text. It has several categories, such as attribute, condition, and limit.

Mafhum al-adad is the restriction of a Sharia (definition) ruling to a specific number, such as flogging the fornicator one hundred lashes. Usulis have differed on its authoritativeness, and the preponderant opinion is that it is authoritative unless the number is for exaggeration or emphasis.

As for mafhum al-laqab, it means attaching a ruling to the names of entities, such as the saying "Zakat (definition) is due on sheep." The majority view is that it is not authoritative, because the name is static and does not imply a reason.

Mafhum al-hasr means restricting a ruling to a specific form using tools of restriction such as negation and affirmation or "innama." This is the strongest form of restriction and indicates the negation of the ruling in any form other than the restricted one. It is followed in strength by restriction using "innama."