Is it permissible to supplicate with the aforementioned supplication only, without attributing it to the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), and without mentioning its alleged virtue?

Any supplication (Du'a) that is correct in meaning is permissible. However, it is better for a Muslim to seek out supplications from the Qur'an and Sunnah, as the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, preferred comprehensive supplications. Regarding the supplication mentioned, most of its phrases are correct, but it contains prohibited expressions, such as: "There is no god but Allah, the Just, the Certain," and "O Pillar of the heavens and the earth," and "And You are the Invincible, who cannot be assailed," because these are not among the names or attributes of Allah Almighty. It also contains phrases that need reconsideration, such as the phrase: "O Most Merciful of the world and Most Compassionate of the Hereafter." The correct understanding is that Allah Almighty is the Most Merciful and Most Compassionate of both the world and the Hereafter. There is also a typographical error in the phrase: "accept my stumble," and the correct wording is: "overlook my stumble."