What is the ruling regarding my prayer if there is no agreement between the Imam and the congregant in the actions of prayer, such as moving from bowing (rukūʿ) to prostration (sujūd)?

It appears that the Imam preceded you by a full pillar, which is the standing from bowing (ruku'). If your delay behind the Imam was due to an excuse, then your prayer is valid. Even if it was without an excuse, it is also valid according to the more correct opinion of the Shafi'is and those who agree with them. It is obligatory for the worshipper (ma'mum) to follow the Imam, and it is forbidden for him to precede the Imam in any of the actions. Following means proceeding immediately after the Imam such that the beginning of each action by the worshipper is delayed after the Imam's beginning it, and before the Imam finishes it. There is a type of concurrence that is disliked, which is concurrence in actions, whereby the worshipper performs the action at the same time as the Imam.