Can the state obligate merchants and doctors to pay a percentage of their wealth to the army and politicians, with these funds being a source of state financing, and what is the evidence for the permissibility of taking taxes or tolls (maks) from the subjects for public benefits?

The resources of the Muslim treasury (Bayt al-Mal) are numerous and diverse, both historically and in modern times, and include: natural resources discovered in state lands such as oil, gas, and minerals; taxes imposed on citizens for their benefit if the treasury is insufficient to meet public needs; all types of Zakat; one-fifth of what is extracted from the earth in the form of minerals; and the yields of Bayt al-Mal lands and properties, as well as the proceeds from trading with them. Al-Shatibi adduced evidence for the permissibility of taxes in cases of dire necessity, provided the ruler is just and his actions are legitimate.