Who bears the cost of the device that broke down while working on the graduation project: is it the one who initially caused the error, or the owner of the device who misused it, or do all five share in bearing its cost?

You and your colleagues are not responsible for the damage to your colleague's device, which resulted from his own action, as liability falls directly or indirectly on the one who causes the damage, and this did not occur from your side. Helping your colleague purchase a new device is a good deed and an act of cooperation in righteousness.