What is the religious ruling if a patient dies after a dangerous surgical operation, even though the doctor's intention was to save the patient, and the patient agreed to the risks after being informed of them?

The permissibility of medical surgeries depends on the predominance of safety or peril. If the probabilities are equal, it is preferable to refrain from the surgery, based on the analogy of Imam Al-Izz bin Abd Al-Salam. The default ruling for surgery is prohibition unless there is an overriding benefit. If both the physician and the patient choose surgery when the probabilities are equal or when peril is more likely if it is not performed, and the patient perishes, the physician is not liable, because his action is authorized unless there is transgression.