Does the reward of the Quran reciter for the deceased get preserved if one supplicates with: "O Allah, grant a reward like my reward specifically to the Messenger, and to the deceased, and generally to the believers"?

The reward for reciting the Quran reaches the deceased. There is no impediment to asking Allah to bestow the reward of what the reciter reads upon the dead.

As for the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, he receives a reward similar to that of every doer of good, because he guided us to it. Therefore, there is no need to supplicate for him with the aforementioned type of supplication.