Does my saying to my wife: "You are not bound to me" constitute a divorce, given my intention for her to go to her family's house and not to divorce her, and knowing that at the time I only knew about explicit divorce?

As long as you did not utter a clear divorce, nor did you intend it, then divorce has not occurred by your saying: "Do not obligate me." We advise you to turn away from the whispers of divorce and to seek Allah's help through abundant supplication.