How is zakat calculated on funds distributed in installments outside the country? Is zakat obligatory on a loan, and is it paid by the lender or the borrower? Is zakat obligatory on a luxury watch not intended for trade? Is zakat obligatory on the silver and gold of a mother used for personal possession rather than trade?

Zakat (definition) is obligatory on money transferred abroad if it reaches the nisab (definition) (minimum threshold) and a hawl (full lunar year) has passed since its possession. As for money acquired after reaching the nisab, there is a detailed explanation. Zakat is obligatory on money loaned to a brother if it reaches the nisab, and it is paid upon its recovery for the past years. There is no zakat on items not intended for trade. The mother's jewelry is not subject to zakat if it is for permissible use, according to the majority of scholars. If it reaches the nisab, it is subject to zakat if it is for other purposes.