Are phlegm in the mouth and looking at women considered among the things that break the fast? And should half of the Tashahhud be recited or the complete Tashahhud in the last rakaʿah of supererogatory and sunnah prayers? And if half of it is recited due to the imam's speed and the inability to complete Al-Fatiha, is it obligatory to repeat the prayer?

The fasting person does not break their fast by swallowing phlegm from the mouth, whether intentionally or unintentionally. As for looking at women, it is forbidden, and one must lower their gaze, and this prohibition is particularly emphasized for a fasting person. If this occurs, repentance and seeking forgiveness are obligatory, and qada' (making up the fast) is not required unless semen is emitted. Regarding reciting the tashahhud in the last rak'ah of supererogatory and sunnah prayers, the prescribed practice is to recite the tashahhud followed by the Salat al-Ibrahimiyyah. Praying upon the Prophet after the last tashahhud is a pillar according to the Hanbalis and Shafi'is. If the ma'mum (follower in prayer) is unable to complete Surat al-Fatihah or the last tashahhud, their prayer is still valid.