Am I entitled to claim from him two years' rent and an additional year's amount for the delay that cost me awaiting the return of my share of the house? And is this dealing considered a type of usury?

If you jointly purchased a house with someone, it is shared ownership between you, and he must pay half the rent for the period he resided in it without your knowledge. What he paid was not a loan, but rather a partnership in property.

If you agree to sell your share to him, the partnership ends from the moment of sale. If you received your money based on your assumption that it was a loan, you can revert and claim your right to ownership, as a mistaken assumption is not considered valid.

He is obliged to pay half the rent for the first year. After that, the ruling depends on your acceptance of dissolving the partnership by selling him your share by mutual agreement at the price on the day of sale. If the partnership is dissolved, the house becomes his sole property, and he cannot be asked for rent thereafter. If he delays in paying what remains owed to you, he is sinful for the delay, but he cannot be asked for more than the debt, as that would be considered usury (riba).