Did the Companions pray the traveler's prayer for six months after their return from one of the غزوات (battles/raids)?

Yes, it has been authentically reported from Ibn Umar, may Allah be pleased with them both, that he stayed in Azerbaijan for six months due to snow, and he would pray two rak'ahs. The majority of jurists have used this narration as evidence that a traveler shortens prayers no matter how long his stay, as long as he does not intend to reside permanently but is rather awaiting the removal of an impediment. Ibn Qudamah mentioned that whoever does not intend to stay for a period exceeding twenty-one prayers may shorten them, even if he stays for years, citing examples of the Prophet's, peace and blessings be upon him, stays during his travels while he shortened prayers.