Is it permissible for the questioner to take old electronic devices from the company he works for, which are designated for donation as waste, without asking anyone?

There is no harm in taking what will be discarded without permission, because it is something people have abandoned out of disinterest. Therefore, it is permissible to take and own it, based on the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, who said: "Whoever precedes to something that no Muslim has preceded him to, he has more right to it."

As for what will be donated, it requires the owner's permission, unless a general permission has been granted to the workers to take whatever they desire.