Does a divorce issued by the husband in a state of extreme anger, and without the intention of divorce, take effect, knowing that the husband suffers from diabetes which is affected by anger, and can the spouses reconcile after a legal divorce certificate has been issued?

Divorce over the phone is valid. Since this was the third divorce, your wife has become irrevocably divorced from you (baynunah kubra), and she is not lawful for you until she marries another husband in a marriage of desire and he consummates the marriage with her. If he divorces her thereafter, then it is permissible for you to marry her. Your being angry has no effect on preventing the divorce from taking place, unless your condition reached a point where you did not comprehend what you were saying or were unaware of what was happening.