How are the costs of seeding and plowing divided, and how is the crop divided according to Islamic Sharia, when land owned by one person is cultivated by another in exchange for sharing the crop?

It is permissible to engage in Muzara'ah (sharecropping) and Musaqah (irrigation and cultivation contract) regarding the division of what comes out of the land between its owner and the worker, based on an agreement for a specific percentage for each party, provided that the division is in common (mushā‘an) and not specified by a certain quantity or a particular part of the land. As for the costs of seeds, plowing, irrigation, and harvesting, these refer back to the agreement between the two parties or the prevailing custom. ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) and others permitted that the seeds could be from the landowner or from the worker, and the correct view is the permissibility of all of that.