What is the permissibility of what occurred in the claim for compensation from the insurance company, and what should I do about it? Is comprehensive insurance permissible? What is the permissibility of a Christian judge? Is 'Tawriya' (ambiguous phrasing) permissible in such a case? And what is the ruling on the oath that was taken?

What you have done is a forbidden trick and a lie to wrongfully take the company's money. The use of double entendre (tawriya) in an oath will not benefit you, because the intention of the oath belongs to the right-holder. This false oath is called an immersive oath (yameen ghamoos), and there is no expiation for it according to the majority of scholars except repentance and returning the rights. However, the Hanbalis and Shafi'is hold that expiation is obligatory for it. As for resorting to man-made law before a non-Muslim judge, it is permissible for someone who has a right and no other means to obtain it except through that. However, for someone who wishes to take people's rights and money, it is a sin. What is obligatory upon you is to return what you have taken to the insurance company after deducting the insurance premium you paid. If you are unable to do so, then give it away as charity.