What is the most accurate ruling regarding someone who breaks their fast in Ramadan out of forgetfulness, someone who intentionally breaks their fast on a day of making up for Ramadan, someone who breaks their fast out of forgetfulness in Ramadan and then intentionally continues to break it on the same day, and what is the ruling if the fasting was voluntary?

Whoever eats or drinks forgetfully while fasting, their fast is valid, according to the Prophet's (peace be upon him) saying: "Whoever forgets while fasting and eats or drinks, let him complete his fast, for it was Allah who fed him and gave him drink." There is no difference between obligatory and voluntary fasts in this regard.

However, if a person fasting voluntarily breaks their fast intentionally, there is no penalty on them, because they are "master of their own self," but it is recommended for them to make up the day. As for intentionally breaking an obligatory fast, it is one of the major sins. If it was by sexual intercourse, expiation is unanimously required. If it was by eating or drinking, the preponderant view is that only making up the day and repentance are required, without expiation.

And whoever breaks their fast forgetfully, then eats intentionally due to ignorance of the ruling, must make up the day and repent.