Will God punish me in this world and the Hereafter for my past disobedience to my mother, despite my repentance and my mother's forgiveness of me?

As long as you have repented to Allah for your disobedience to your mother and sought her forgiveness, and she has forgiven you, then you have fulfilled your duty. Allah accepts repentance and pardons evil deeds, and repentance erases what came before it. Allah rejoices at the repentance of His servant and replaces his evil deeds with good ones. He does not punish the repentant person for his sin in this world or in the Hereafter.