Has a حديث been reported stating that a woman's going out is restricted to her father's house, her husband's house, and the grave?

There is no hadith stating that a woman should not leave her father's house except for her husband's house, and then to the grave. Islamic Sharia has not restricted women in this manner; rather, it has permitted their going out for necessities and similar reasons, with the permission of their guardian.

Sharia has, however, restricted a woman's going out to safeguard her and society. It has prohibited ostentatious display (tabarruj), commanded the wearing of the hijab, and forbidden seclusion with a non-mahram, travel without a mahram, perfuming oneself, swaying in gait, and speaking in a soft, enticing manner, all to block the door to temptation.

If a woman is free from these prohibitions, it is permissible for her to go out for her needs and similar reasons. Indeed, women during the time of the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, used to go out for their needs, such as attending prayers, visiting the sick, and accompanying the mujahideen.