What is the ruling on blood and brown discharge that continued after postpartum bleeding and the first menstrual period, and is it considered menstruation or istihada (non-menstrual bleeding), especially after the insertion of a hormonal IUD?

The blood a woman sees during the forty days after childbirth is considered nifas (definition) (postpartum bleeding). What exceeds forty days is not considered nifas; rather, it is menses if it coincides with the time of menstruation, otherwise, it is istihadah (definition) (non-menstrual vaginal bleeding). Therefore, what was seen on the thirty-sixth day is nifas and continued as such until the fortieth day. Everything seen after that is istihadah, except what coincides with the time of menstruation, which is then considered menses.

A woman experiencing istihadah must perform wudu for each prayer after its time has begun, and she may pray with that wudu as many obligatory and supererogatory prayers as she wishes until the time for that prayer ends, while taking precautions by tying a cloth. Her acts of worship during the time of istihadah are valid.