Is it permissible to take from the money of a father who sells alcohol and permissible goods to start a small project, and if not, is it permissible to take it as a loan from usurious banks due to the lack of an alternative?

You are permitted to take the money for investment if the predominant source of your father's earnings is lawful (halal). However, if the predominant source is unlawful (haram), then it is permissible to take it, though with some disfavor (karaha), provided that you intend to take it from the lawful portion of the money.