Does non-sexual fondling between a man and a non-mahram woman, such as kissing and embracing, during the day in Ramadan, invalidate the fast?

A woman's direct contact (mubasharah) without penetration does not invalidate the fast unless the one engaging in contact ejaculates, according to the preponderant opinion. As for the act mentioned, it is a great sin and a grave offense, because it is one of the paths to zina (unlawful sexual intercourse), which Allah has forbidden and described as an abomination, hateful, and an evil way. The one who commits it has trodden the path of zina, transgressed the limits of Allah, and followed the footsteps of Satan. They must repent to Allah, feel remorse, and seek forgiveness, while abandoning every cause that leads to such an act. They must also engage in abundant acts of obedience, supererogatory prayers, and various good deeds, so that Allah may accept their repentance.