Does a divorce occur with the words: "I swear by Allah Almighty, she will not remain under my marital bond," said in a state of anger, followed by reconciliation?

Your statement to your wife: "She is not under my responsibility" is an كناية (allusion/euphemism) for divorce. If you intended divorce by it, then divorce has occurred, and you can take her back before her iddah (waiting period) expires, provided it is not the third divorce. If you intended a promise of divorce, then no divorce is binding upon you, but an expiation for a broken oath (كفارة يمين) is required of you for not divorcing her. If you did not intend divorce at all, then no divorce occurs, and an expiation for a broken oath (كفارة يمين) is required of you if you do not carry out what you intended.