Is it permissible for an employer to install video surveillance cameras inside offices to monitor employees around the clock, and is this considered espionage or monitoring the smooth workflow, especially given that there may be women present?

The fundamental principle is to trust workers with their tasks. However, unannounced inspection visits are permissible. Placing surveillance cameras is allowed, provided that they are used to monitor the workflow, avoid exposing the private parts of women (aurat), and not to harbor ill thoughts about trustworthy employees. This is not considered reprehensible spying as long as the workers are aware of their presence. Employees must perfect and excel in their work, as Allah Almighty says: "And do good; indeed, Allah loves those who do good," and as the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said: "Indeed, Allah loves that when one of you performs a task, he perfects it." It is not permissible for the employer to spy on employees or to look into their private matters that are not related to work.