What are the specific times for Fajr prayer and Subh prayer, and how are they connected to the time of sunrise? What are the consequences of delaying Subh or Fajr prayer until sunrise or slightly before it? And how does one make up this prayer if they missed it?

There is no difference between Salat al-Subh and Salat al-Fajr; they are two names for one obligatory prayer performed between the true dawn (al-Fajr al-Sadiq) and sunrise. It has a confirmed pre-prayer Sunnah called Sunnat al-Fajr. Intentionally delaying this prayer until sunrise is a major sin (kabira min al-dhunub), and it must be made up with sincere repentance. If it is missed due to a legitimate excuse, such as sleep or forgetfulness, it must be performed immediately upon waking up or remembering, and it should be made up in the manner prescribed for its performance.