Is the government bank loan, which purchases an academic certificate for the borrower so that he can acquire the necessary equipment for a project, and then recovers the amount in installments with a 5% surplus after one year, considered usury, given that the bank is operating at a loss and is supported by the state?

If the bank buys and owns the equipment, then sells it to young people, there is no harm in that, even if it is for more than its price; because it is a permissible murabaha (cost-plus financing). However, if the bank pays the price to the owner and adds interest, this is forbidden riba (usury) and is not permissible except in cases of dire necessity.