Does a divorce take effect after one year has passed since the husband told his wife: "After one year, you are divorced," knowing that he said it in a state of anger and did not intend divorce?

Your statement to your wife, "In one year, you are divorced," is an explicit divorce, suspended for a period of time. Its occurrence does not depend on intention, nor is it prevented by anger unless one's sanity is completely lost. This is the view of the majority of scholars. A divorce suspended for a period of time does not occur before the passage of that time, according to the majority. This is in contrast to the Maliki school, which holds that the divorce takes effect immediately. The preponderant view, in our opinion, is that of the majority, so your divorce will take effect after the passage of twelve lunar months. If the year passes and your divorce takes effect, and it does not complete the three divorces, then you may reconcile with your wife during her waiting period ('iddah (definition)).