Has the ancient meaning of "Tashayyuʿ" (Shiism) differed from its modern one? Was Abd al-Razzaq ibn Hammam accused of Tashayyuʿ or Rafd (rejectionism)? And when did Rafd emerge?

Answer: Abd al-Razzaq al-San'ani is an Imam among the Imams of Hadith, a trustworthy, precise, and meticulous memorizer. He was accused of slight Shiism, not rejectionism, and he was not extreme in it, as he preferred Abu Bakr and Umar over Ali, unlike the early Shiites. The Rawafid (rejectionists) appeared with the emergence of Abdullah ibn Saba' the Jew, and they were called by this name because they rejected Zayd ibn Ali when he refused to disavow Abu Bakr and Umar. There is a difference between Shiism anciently and modernly. The former was the preference of Ali over Uthman, while still prioritizing the two Shaykhs (Abu Bakr and Umar). As for the latter, it is pure rejectionism. The theory of Imamate based on infallibility and divine designation was not common at the beginning of the Shiite movement, and Twelver Shiism emerged in the fourth century AH. The Safavid state was established in Iran in the tenth century, and it sought to annihilate the Sunnis.