What is the ruling on pharmacies dealing with health insurance companies (takaful or conventional) where the pharmacy signs a contract with the company to dispense medications to beneficiaries in exchange for a specific discount for the insurance company?

Insurance is of two types: cooperative, which is permissible, and commercial, which is prohibited.

Dealing with commercial insurance companies is not permissible because it involves cooperation in sin and aggression. Selling medicines to commercial insurance companies is not permissible, because the seller knows that the company uses them to facilitate impermissible contracts and acquire money unlawfully.